{"id":16362,"date":"2023-03-13T10:46:53","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T10:46:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/?p=16362"},"modified":"2023-03-15T13:20:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T13:20:54","slug":"removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water","title":{"rendered":"Removal of chlorates and perchlorates from water"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Water is widely used in the food industry; on this occasion we are going to analyze water contamination by chlorates and perchlorates, focusing on their origin, effects on the population and possible ways of elimination, bearing in mind that one of the keys to successful treatment is the selection of the most appropriate technologies for their elimination.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Resumen de Contenidos<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#What_are_chlorates_and_perchlorates\" >What are chlorates and perchlorates?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Risks_to_the_population\" >Risks to the population<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Table_extracted_from_the_Annex_of_Regulation_2020685\" >Table extracted from the Annex of Regulation 2020\/685<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#How_to_eliminate_the_presence_of_chlorates_and_perchlorates_in_water\" >How to eliminate the presence of chlorates and perchlorates in water<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Ion_Exchange\" >Ion Exchange<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Reverse_Osmosis\" >Reverse Osmosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Disinfection_by_physical_means\" >Disinfection by physical means<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/fr\/removal-of-chlorates-and-perchlorates-from-water\/#Conclusions\" >Conclusions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_chlorates_and_perchlorates\"><\/span>What are chlorates and perchlorates?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Both substances are odorless, colorless, inorganic anions that are very stable at room temperature.\u00a0 Chlorate originates from chlorine salts derived from chloric acid, while perchlorate originates from perchloric acid salts.<\/p>\n<p>However, while the origin of chlorate is associated with the use of phytosanitary products, perchlorate, in general, comes from the degradation of hypochlorite (drinking water disinfectant) or fertilisers, as well as in the production of compounds for industry.<\/p>\n<p>In general, irrigation water, soil, hypochlorite degradation and fertilizers are considered as possible sources of perchlorate contamination in food.<\/p>\n<p>For their part, plant protection products are responsible for chlorate contamination in food, so their presence in food is regulated by legislation on residues of plant protection products. Its use as a plant protection product has been banned in the EU since 2008.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_16247\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16247\" class=\"wp-image-16247 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ION-CLORATO-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"ion clorato \" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ION-CLORATO-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ION-CLORATO-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ION-CLORATO.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-16247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Formulas of chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-16243 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ion-perclorato-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"ion perclorato\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ion-perclorato-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ion-perclorato-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ion-perclorato.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risks_to_the_population\"><\/span>Risks to the population<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/european-union.europa.eu\/institutions-law-budget\/institutions-and-bodies\/institutions-and-bodies-profiles\/efsa_es\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EFSA<\/a>,\u00a0the European Food Safety Authority, is the European body responsible for providing independent scientific advice on food-related risks. It advises on existing and emerging risks and its opinions are implemented in European legislation and policies, contributing to the protection of consumers from risks in the food chain.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #0971ce;\">In the case of perchlorates<\/span><\/em>, EFSA states that their absorption is harmful to human health, as it causes hormonal disturbances by influencing the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, leading to chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism.<\/p>\n<p>A double distinction should be made in the type of exposure to perchlorate:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic (prolonged over time);<\/li>\n<li>Or acute (occasional, but high concentration).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On the other hand, the population should be classified in terms of its vulnerability to such exposure as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vulnerable (foetuses, neonates and population with genetic predisposition to thyroid diseases),<\/li>\n<li>And non-vulnerable (healthy adult population).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the last decade, many studies have been carried out in this regard at the request of various EU member states, which is why Commission Regulation 2020\/685 of 20 May 2020 amending Regulation (EC) 1881\/2006 as regards the maximum content of perchlorate in certain foodstuffs came into being in 2020.<\/p>\n<p>This Regulation establishes, among other things:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The maximum perchlorate content both in foodstuffs with a significant perchlorate content and which contribute significantly to human exposure, and in foodstuffs relevant to the potential exposure of vulnerable groups of the population, such as infants and young children. Food businesses need to adapt to the new requirements.<\/li>\n<li>Recommendation to Member States to collect additional data on the presence of perchlorate in food in Europe, especially for vegetables, infant formulae, milk and milk products, in order to further reduce uncertainty in risk assessment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"520\"><strong>Foodstuffs<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"248\"><strong>Maximum Level (mg\/kg)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"520\">Fruits and vegetables, except:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Cucurbitaceae <\/em>and kale<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Leafy vegetables and herbs<\/td>\n<td width=\"248\">0,05<\/p>\n<p>0,10<\/p>\n<p>0,50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"520\">T\u00e9 (<em>Camelliasinensis<\/em>), dried herbal and dried fruit infussions<\/td>\n<td width=\"248\">0,75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"520\">Infant formulae, follow-on formulae and foods for special medical purposes intended for infants and young children, and infant formulae for young children.<\/p>\n<p>Infant foods<\/p>\n<p>Processed cereal- based food<\/td>\n<td width=\"248\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>0,01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>0,02<\/p>\n<p>0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Table_extracted_from_the_Annex_of_Regulation_2020685\"><\/span><em>Table extracted from the Annex of Regulation 2020\/685<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Similary, <em><span style=\"color: #0971ce;\">chlorates<\/span><\/em> affect the functioning of the thyroid, which is why their maximum concentration is included in the legislation applicable to plant protection products, governed by the MRL (Maximum Residue Limit), which is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue in food or feed that is legally tolerated if the application of the plant protection product is carried out correctly.<\/p>\n<p>In 2020, Commission Regulation 2020\/749 of 4 June 2020 amending Annex III of Regulation No 396\/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for chlorate in certain commodities is enacted.<\/p>\n<p>Until that date, no specific MRLs had been set for chlorate, and since it was not included in Annex IV of Regulation 396\/2005, the default MRL of that Regulation (0.01 mg\/kg) had applied.<\/p>\n<p>Studies carried out by EFSA during the period 2014 &#8211; 2018 showed that the MRL for chlorates in food and drinking water frequently exceeded the 0.01 figure. Since chlorate is also formed as a by-product of disinfectants used in food processing, it was necessary to strike a balance between food safety and human health safety.<\/p>\n<p>This Regulation sets temporary maximum limits in food, and in the specific case of chlorates from the use of chlorine-based compounds for food processing and drinking water disinfection, the limits should be set as low as possible (ALARA principle), while applying good manufacturing practices. The full list of products of plant and animal origin to which MRLs apply can be found in Annex I of Regulation 2020\/749.<\/p>\n<p>This approach ensures that, as far as possible, food business operators apply measures to prevent and reduce chlorate levels in food to protect public health, but also considers the need to ensure the microbiological safety of food<\/p>\n<p>In addition, these MRLs will be reviewed by 8 June 2025 at the latest, depending on the evolution of the situation about hygiene, drinking water or developments in this respect.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_eliminate_the_presence_of_chlorates_and_perchlorates_in_water\"><\/span>How to eliminate the presence of chlorates and perchlorates in water<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to what has been explained so far, we can conclude that one of the ways to minimize the content of chlorates and perchlorates in food is to properly treat the water used in the different processes in which their use can lead to the appearance of these substances in food, such as irrigation water, water used in food transformation processes and even water purification.<\/p>\n<p>At <span style=\"color: #0971ce;\"><strong>J. Huesa\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>we have always insisted on the importance of the correct management of the integral water cycle, and as a fundamental part of this management, the use of the best technologies available in each specific case. Today we are going to focus on the treatment of water contaminated by chlorates and perchlorates.<\/p>\n<p>Most conventional physical-chemical water treatments are not adequate for the removal of these ions, so the alternatives available to remove chlorates and perchlorates from water specifically require additional treatments to treat the concentrate that is generated.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the technologies that can be applied for their removal are listed below:<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ion_Exchange\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/technologies\/ion-exchange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ion Exchange<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Ion exchange technology is one of the most widely used methods to remove perchlorate contamination as a water purification application. Ion exchange resins are commercially available to remove perchlorate anion from aqueous waste streams.<\/p>\n<p>Since the brine resulting from the use of this technology is high in perchlorate and total dissolved solids, further treatment is required for its removal; therefore, the ion exchange capacity for perchlorate is significantly reduced when treating waters with high levels of total dissolved solids and especially with waters with high levels of sulphates (each negatively charged double sulphate ion will replace two chloride ions). In these cases, more frequent regeneration of the resin bed is required and may not be cost-effective.<\/p>\n<p>Since perchlorate has similar ion exchange properties to nitrate, nitrate selective resins that were developed to preferentially exchange nitrates rather than sulphates can be used to remove perchlorate by preventing sulphates from displacing or \u00ab\u00a0dumping\u00a0\u00bb nitrate or perchlorate when the bed reaches saturation.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_16252\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16252\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16252\" src=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/intercambio-ionico-5.jpg\" alt=\"intercambio ionico\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/intercambio-ionico-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/intercambio-ionico-5-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/intercambio-ionico-5-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-16252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Skid of Ion Exchange<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bifunctional ion exchange resins selective to perchlorate are available on the market, resulting in high selectivity and good exchange kinetics, favoring its removal from water; however, these types of resins are expensive, so they are not widely used.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reverse_Osmosis\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/technologies\/reverse-osmosis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reverse Osmosis<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Membrane technology used for the removal of chlorates and perchlorates from mains water for use in the food industry, among others, and which guarantees compliance with existing regulations. This technology ensures the total absence of salts in the permeate.<\/p>\n<p>For the use of this technology to be effective, it is necessary to avoid problems of fouling or biofouling of the reverse osmosis membranes, for which a correct pretreatment of the water treatment plant is essential. Typical pre-treatment may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/technologies\/filtration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Filtration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/technologies\/ultrafiltration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ultrafiltration<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dosing system (antiscalant-reducer)<\/li>\n<li>5-micron cartridge filte<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Another important factor that plays an important role in the lifetime of this equipment is the O&amp;M of the installation, as well as proper <a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/activity\/after-sales\/preventive-and-corrective-maintenance\">preventive maintenance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16256 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"medios fisicos\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image008.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image008-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image008-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disinfection_by_physical_means\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/en\/technologies\/disinfection\"><span style=\"color: #0971ce;\">Disinfection by physical means<\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>To guarantee water quality in the sectors we are concerned with, it is necessary to resort to physical means of disinfection, the most common being ultraviolet radiation, and disinfection systems with ozone and oxygen peroxide as a refining treatment for the permeate obtained.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_16260\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16260\" class=\"wp-image-16260 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image009.jpg\" alt=\"contaminacion del agua \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image009.jpg 800w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image009-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jhuesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image009-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-16260\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Skid disinfection with ozone<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusions\"><\/span>Conclusions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In view of the above, we can conclude:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>That we are facing a sector with a high demand for water quality, due to its repercussions on public health.<\/li>\n<li>That one way of guaranteeing success in water treatment is to know how the industry works and the legislation that applies to it, to approach water treatment with the technology or set of technologies that guarantee the requirements demanded by the legislation and operating costs that can be assumed by the industry.<\/li>\n<li>Good communication between the client and engineering is the basis for success, together with the application of pilots and R&amp;D&amp;I.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Water is widely used in the food industry; on this occasion we are going to analyze water contamination by chlorates and perchlorates, focusing on their origin, effects on the population&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[397,171,133],"class_list":{"0":"post-16362","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-news","8":"tag-disinfection-fr","9":"tag-ion-exchange-fr","10":"tag-reverse-osmosis-fr"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.9 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Removal of chlorates and perchlorates from water<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En esta ocasi\u00f3n, en J. 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